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## Boost.Variant

### Eric Friedman

### Itay Maman

Copyright © 2002, 2003 Eric Friedman, Itay Maman

Permission to copy, use, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. Permission to modify the code and to distribute modified code is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies, and a notice that the code was modified is included with the copyright notice.

This software is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.

### Introduction

#### Abstract

The `variant` class template is a safe, generic, stack-based discriminated union container, offering a simple solution for manipulating an object from a heterogeneous set of types in a uniform manner. Whereas standard containers such as `std::vector` may be thought of as "multi-value, single type," `variant` is "multi-type, single value."

Notable features of `boost::variant` include:

- Full value semantics, including adherence to standard overload resolution rules for conversion operations.
- Compile-time type-safe value visitation via `boost::apply_visitor`.
- Run-time checked explicit value retrieval via `boost::get`.
- Support for recursive variant types via both `boost::make_recursive_variant` and `boost::recursive_wrapper`.
- Efficient implementation -- stack-based when possible (see the section called “"Never-Empty" Guarantee” for more details).

#### Motivation

##### Problem

Many times, during the development of a C++ program, the programmer finds himself in need of manipulating several distinct types in a uniform manner. Indeed, C++ features direct language support for such types through its `union` keyword:

    union { int i; double d; } u;
    u.d = 3.14;
    u.i = 3; // overwrites u.d (OK: u.d is a POD type)

C++'s `union` construct, however, is nearly useless in an object-oriented environment. The construct entered the language primarily as a means for preserving compatibility with C, which supports only POD (Plain Old Data) types, and so does not accept types exhibiting non-trivial construction or destruction:

    union {
      int i;
      std::string s; // illegal: std::string is not a POD type!
    } u;

Clearly another approach is required. Typical solutions feature the dynamic-allocation of objects, which are subsequently manipulated through a common base type (often a virtual base class [Hen01] or, more dangerously, a `void*`). Objects of concrete type may be then retrieved by way of a polymorphic downcast construct (e.g., `dynamic_cast`, `boost::any_cast`, etc.).

However, solutions of this sort are highly error-prone, due to the following:

- Downcast errors cannot be detected at compile-time. Thus, incorrect usage of downcast constructs will lead to bugs detectable only at run-time.
- Addition of new concrete types may be ignored. If a new concrete type is added to the hierarchy, existing downcast code will continue to work as-is, wholly ignoring the new type. Consequently, the programmer must manually locate and modify code at numerous locations, which often results in run-time errors that are difficult to find.

Furthermore, even when properly implemented, these solutions tend to incur a relatively significant abstraction penalty due to the use of the heap, virtual function calls, and polymorphic downcasts.

##### Solution: A Motivating Example

The `boost::variant` class template addresses these issues in a safe, straightforward, and efficient manner. The following example demonstrates how the class can be used:

    #include "boost/variant.hpp"
    #include <iostream>

    class my_visitor : public boost::static_visitor<int>
    {
    public:
        int operator()(int i) const
        {
            return i;
        }

        int operator()(const std::string & str) const
        {
            return str.length();
        }
    };

    int main()
    {
        boost::variant< int, std::string > u("hello world");
        std::cout << u; // output: hello world

        int result = boost::apply_visitor( my_visitor(), u );
        std::cout << result; // output: 11 (i.e., length of "hello world")
    }

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